Pakistan is rapidly expanding its military capabilities with equipment and technology sourced largely from China and Turkey, according to a report based on the latest display by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF).
The PAF recently showcased several newly acquired defence systems through its official social media channels. The display included the Chinese HQ-17AE short-range surface-to-air missile system, a Turkish counter-drone system and a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun.
Pakistan also highlighted its Chinese-made J-10 and JF-17 fighter aircraft, along with armed unmanned aerial systems from China and Turkey. These included the Chinese Wing Loong II and Turkish Akinci drones. The Wing Loong II has reportedly been used by Pakistan in operations against Baloch insurgents.
The growing scale of Pakistan’s military acquisitions has attracted attention because of the country’s economic situation. Pakistan’s economy continues to face financial pressures, raising questions over how Islamabad is funding its large-scale defence purchases from foreign suppliers.
Possible sources of support include assistance from Saudi Arabia, cooperation with the United States and arrangements involving China-linked infrastructure projects. However, the exact financing structure behind Pakistan’s recent military acquisitions remains unclear.
Pakistan has also been strengthening its naval capabilities. It is acquiring eight Yuan-class Chinese diesel-powered attack submarines and Chinese guided-missile frigates as part of efforts to enhance its maritime capabilities in the Arabian Sea.
At the same time, India is working to strengthen its own capabilities, particularly in armed drones, long-range weapons and air defence. The Indian government has placed increasing emphasis on domestic defence production and has been encouraging private-sector companies to develop advanced unmanned systems and long-range loitering munitions.
India has also signed an agreement with the United States for 31 MQ-9B Predator drones. Deliveries are expected to begin from 2028, meaning India is also looking at interim solutions while domestic systems are developed.
One area receiving attention is long-range air-to-air missile capability. The Defence Ministry has cleared the integration of Russian RVV-BD missiles with the Su-30MKI fighter aircraft. The missile has a reported range of more than 250 km. Depending on the outcome of integration and trials, India could consider limited procurement while continuing development of its indigenous Astra Mark-III missile.
India is also preparing to test longer-range versions of its ballistic missile defence interceptors. These systems are intended to strengthen the country’s ability to detect and neutralise incoming ballistic missiles.
The contrasting approaches highlight a broader shift in the defence strategies of the two neighbouring countries. Pakistan is expanding its capabilities through major purchases from China and Turkey, while India is combining foreign acquisitions with a stronger push towards domestic research, development and manufacturing.
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